英式音标和美式音标：dog: 英[dɒg] 美[dɔɡ]
ɔ就是大嘴音，念出来类似凹
你可以去百度搜一下，里面有发音，可以听，建议你去试一下。
我给你按标准IPA 就是国际音标讲解一下啊，至于你看的哪本字典我不知道，但我参考的是朗文发音词典。
总的说 你的汉语注视的解释是对的，一个是道格，一个是大哥，那个大哥不用那么长。
dog这个词正经的发音是英/dɒg/美/dɔ://dαg/。美音中我标了两个音，说明有些美国人发前一个音，有些人发后一个音。这种发后一种/dαg/的现象叫Father-bother合并现象（Father-bother merger），多发生在美国东北部以外的地方。其实英美音的不同是因为他们还发生了一个cot-caught merger，这样一些美国人也不说/dɔ:/，直接说/dɒg/，然后再加上Father-bother merger，就变成了/dαg/。
标准IPA中/ɒ/和/α/是一对音，区别仅仅是/α/不圆嘴，/ɒ/圆嘴。/ɒ/和/ɔ/都圆嘴，发嗷音，但/ɔ/音的嘴型要比/ɒ/小一些。
你打出来的/a/音和/α/还是不一样的，它们都发啊音，但/a/的舌头要比/α/的舌头靠前，/α/的舌头完全靠后，发音时有种要唱美声的感觉，你说的那个超级大嘴啊音是指的这个音，是英国RP的典型特点，叫broad A；/a/是双元音/ai/的第一个因素的发音。我有时候为了方便也用a代替α。
关于英语的音标：
congratulation英音：
[kən,grætju'leiʃən]
有原音，有辅音，我一般就靠读音标记住单词。比如上面这个祝贺，第一字母是读k，不要发出音，第二个o读额，第三个n，加点鼻音，连起来就像我们小时侯学汉语拼音一样，有点像“坑”，后面也是一样的对号入座，这样甚至会提高你的背记能力，毕竟发同样音的在少数。
1 元音:
1) [i:] 字母组合:ee ea e ie
three tree green sheep meet beef see seek
eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean please
he she me
piece receive ceiling
2) [i] 发音字母 i y e
sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build miss
myth many twenty happy dictionary
defect decide delicious
3) [? ]发音字母 a
bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man
4) [e] 字母组合 ea e a
head bread pleasure
elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yes
many any
5) [?:] 字母组合ir ur ear ur or
girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird
turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burger
learn earn earth heard
term her nerd serve
work worm work world
6) [?] 字母组合 er or ou ar o a e u
teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder
doctor actor mayor author tractor
delicious gracious pleasure
familiar collar dollar
together tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington control polite around account ago elephant manta banana Canada Japan china
men listen
famulus Saturday
7) [a:] 字母组合 ar a
car farm card arm garden
fast class last glass plant aunt calm
8) [?] 发音字母 u o ou oo
up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus
come mother dose brother love above
trouble rough flourish
blood flood
9) [?:]字母组合 al or au our ar
small wall talk tall hall ball call walk
short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store
author caught autumn
four mourn court bought
warm quarrel quarter
10) [?] / [?]发音字母 o a
hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not
want wash
11) [u:] 字母组合 oo o u
food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth
shoe do two
true truth blue full
12) [u] 字母组合 oo ou u o
look good foot book
should could
put full bull pull push
women whose
13) [ei] 发音字母 a ay ea ai ey
name cake late gate plane April
play say may way
great break
rain paint plain
they grey
14) [ai] 发音字母 i y
bike fine find die nine light night high
my try fly eye
15) [au] 字母组合 ou ow
house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse
flower down now cow how town
16) [?u] 发音字母 o ow oa
home cold go no phone host ghost
know low below grow blow show flow
boat coat goal
17) [??] 字母组合oy oi
boy toy joy
oil soil voice choice
18) [i?] 字母组合 eer
beer deer ear idea near here fierce
19) [e?] 字母组合ear air
pear bear chair air fair care there where
20) [u?]
tour poor
2 容易混淆的元音
[?] [e]
bad bed hand head man men land lend pan pen sad said
[i：] [ei]
real rail greet great mean main read raid
[e] [ai]
bet bite red write said side head hide
[au] [?:]
house horse loud lord south sauce cloud clause now nor count corn
[au] [?]
found fond down done gown gone town ton
3辅音
1) [p] pen pear play pig pour pull push
2) [b] book big boot bike bread break
3) [t] tree two ten ton town twenty city
4) [d] door dull desk dose do dog dictionary
5) [k] king kite key look cook book kitchen sky (发音字母k)
card cat cream correct climb come account accept (发音字母c)
fox box oxygen x-ray (发音字母x)
school schedule schema (字母组合ch)
6) [g] girl good goal goat grade long language
7) [m] man make moon morning move come comb
8) [n] pen ten nine fine night noon moon clean
9) [?] uncle bank English think thank junk
sing king morning evening
10) [l] long land lend lord fly flag black
world cold could goal soul
11) [r] read red right run room write
12) [f] five fly fine flag frog fog roof knife life wife
cough laugh rough physic photo phone
13) [v] very evening even every voice vest
14) [s] six sit student same seat kiss miss case scarf (发音字母s)
license city cease cedar ceiling celebrate (发音字母c)
licence piece juice science lance space ace (字母组合ce)
15) [z] zoo zebra zero zap
close nose hose suppose pause those whose
16) [θ] think thank three thirty tooth mouth
17) [e] that this those these though
18) [?] sheep shoulder ship shoe she brush wash
nation attention station
social special
sure
19) [??] pleasure
20) [h] hot hop home house horse how who
21) [w] when what where window wind wood
22) [j] yes year yell you your yolk yellow
23) [t?] child chicken china chair lunch ouch catch teach
24) [d?] age language cabbage vegetable stage bridge
joy enjoy join July June junk
25) [tr] tree country try treat track trunk
26) [dr] dry dream drop drive drink
27) [ts] students boots boats goats nuts
28) [dz] goods woods moods hoods
4容易混淆的辅音
[v] [w]
vest west vet wet vine wine very well
[s] [θ]
sink think mass math miss myth sort sought
[z] [e]
close cloth breeze breathe
[n] [?]
thin thing sin sing ran rang ban bang win wing
添加一点:
9) [?:]字母组合 al or au our ar aw
small wall talk tall hall ball call walk
short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store
author caught autumn
four mourn court bought
warm quarrel quarter
draw saw flaw
23) [t?] child chicken china chair lunch ouch teach (字母组合ch）
catch watch match （字母组合tch)
5 字母，组合音节发音规律
1）a [ei] [?] [?] [a:] [?:]
late private grade bake grape nation station page
active hand bank fan parent family glad flag
accept about above formative machine cinema
fast last glass class past father
wash what watch want
2）e [i:] [e] [i] [?] 不发音
appreciate extremely secret she me he
letter left message generate pebble
decide pretty previous result restore
problem prosperous student confident
active table late wife store lecture
3）i [ai] [i]
high price library ice cream wife size line
fist pick chicken piano fiancé city unit
4）o [?u] [u:] [?] [?] [?]
lode host cold note okay old home
lose do who whose prove
love some other mother honey company
today tomorrow together control collect
lost hot mock office soft honest
5）u [ju] [u] [?] [?]
university refuse unique universe huge
put push pull full bull
but brush bucket duck bubble
support suggest
6）c [k] [s]
country camp camera courage cable
city ceiling celebrate cell cease
7）g [g] [d?] [?]
girl grade glass glade bag flag
village vegetable bridge gentleman gym
long song sing morning evening
8) l [l] 读音不同
listen learn language collect English gorilla
world cold soil tall sell cool animal
9) n [n] [?]
moon night noodle number
uncle hungry angry young
10) r [r] [[](美语发音)
right read write grade progress
card board door floor form north
11）y [j] [i] [ai]
yellow year yell young yolk
university country pretty happy
dyke dying fly buy by my
12）ar [a:] [?] [?:]
farm card garden mark
dollar
warm quarrel quarter
13) ea [i:] [e] [ei] [i?]
cease season breathe feature meat please
bread breast breath meadow weather
great break
idea realize
14) ear [?:] [i?]
learn earth earn heard
hear near clear ear fear
15) er [?:] [?] [i?]
deserve serve her person
teacher driver anger singer
serious experience mysterious fierce
16） ere [i?] [ε?]
here mere fere sere
there
17) ir [?:] [ai]
shirt girl skirt
admire desire
18) oo [u:] [u] [?] [?:]
room tool cool moon noon goof food
good foot stood wood wool cook wood book
blood flood
door floor
19) or [?:] [?:] [?]
short form corn born for
work world worm word worst
tractor doctor actor sector senior senator
20) oor [?:] [u?]
door floor
moor poor boor
21) our [u?] [?:]
hour tour flour bourn lour
pour court four mourn
22) ou [au] [?] [?]
house mouth mouse sound found
enough trouble touch
delicious gracious prosperous
23) ow [?u] [au]
window meadow know show low
now town how down cow
24) se [z] [s]
nose suppose gose lose pose rose
mouse house
25) th [θ] [e]
thank think thought cloth
clothes that this then than
26) sion [? ? n] [? ? n]
propulsion tension progression passion
protrusion provision conclusion television
27) tion [? ? n] [t? ? n](不常见)
station nation translation attention
question
6关于语音的几个概念:
Phonics 是一种(方法), 是教育学习者从字母排列中去拼读出单个字来.
AHD表示美语发音,The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language（简称AHD）
KK音标是一套(注音符号系统),是由John Samuel Kenyon 和 John Albert Knott两位美国学者共同编著的发音词典A Pronouncing Dictionary of American1956中用于标注美式发音的符号系统, 这是一套最常用的也是最权威的注音法，从此人们把美语标准发音惯称为KK音标。
DJ是根据英国学者Daniel Jones编的英语发音字典 (English Pronouncing Dictionary, 1963)中的标音而来.
英式读音根据的是English Pronouncing Dictionary 《英语正音辞典》。它们代表了被称为“Received Pronuciation”（RP）（标准读音）的读音，这在受过教育的英国人尤其是南部英格兰人中通用。
1888年国际语音协会 (International Phonetic Association) 的语言学家便制定出一套可国际通用的语音符号叫国际音标符号 (IPA―International Phonetic Alphabet)，希望以一个符号代表一音，并避免各人使用一套自己的符号所产生的不便。
国内的英文字典里最常见的音标为英式发音的国际音标 (DJ) 和美式发音的KK音标，前者乃根据Daniel Jones编的英语发音字典 (English Pronouncing Dictionary, 1963)，后者则是根据John S. Kenyon & Thomas A. Knott二氏的美语发音字典 (A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English, 1956)。值得一提的是，KK音标所使用的符号均从前面提到的国际音标符号 (IPA) 而来，Kenyon & Knott二氏仅将其中适用于美式英语的符号截取出来。
音素: 音的最小单位,英语中有48个音素.
音节: 由元音和辅音构成的发音单位.
元音: 发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中气流不受阻碍,是音节的主要组成部分.英语中有20个元音.
辅音: 发音不响亮,是噪音,口腔中气流受到阻碍,不是音节的重要组成部分,英语中有28个辅音.
开音节: 1)辅音+元音+辅音+不发音e kite cake name bike make take home plane shine
2)辅音+元音 he hi go no do be tree three hello
闭音节: 1)辅音+元音+辅音 sit bed bad bag hot hop let mad map head
2)元音+辅音 it is of in on up out ant
…举例子我觉得没什么必要，我上初中读音标就是不会啊，虽然每个元音辅音都会，怎么办呢？你就读你会读的，自己慢慢寻找发音规律，多读，这个是自然而成的，规则这种东西，记不记得无所谓
网上有真人版教读音，你搜一下就可以找到，还是很简单的。你如果在南京 ，可以和我直接联系，我可以教。